At least 27 unique peptides have been identified in 8 different peptide families

The follow is general information on the bioactive peptides. For further reading and information, scroll down to a library of links below.

Adenoreguli & Dermaseptin & (B2) - Anti-microbial peptides that exhibit lethal effects against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, yeasts and protozoa. There is growing research on the effectiveness of these peptides killing certain cancer cells. The effects that these peptides are having on the human brain are opening treatments for depression, stroke, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Studies have explored dermaseptins ability to destroy on contact pathogens such as ecoli, salmonella, gonorrhea, herpes viruses, HIV, candida albicans, and even malaria-causing protozoans. Dermaseptins have a promising future as medications given their ability to kill pathogens selectively without harming animal cells.

Deltorphin - A heptapeptide that binds to the opioid receptors. Currently being researched for its ability to inhibit the growth of cancerous tumor cells.

Dermorphin - A neuropeptide that produces a powerful opiate-like effect on certain Opioid receptors. It has been know to be up to 40 x more potent than morphine.

Phyllocaerulein ~ A natural pain killer that reduces blood pressure, modifies satiety, sedation, and thermoregulation. It assists in diminishing sensations of pain, helps with sedation and thermoregulation (regulation of body temperature). It stimulates the pituitary gland and the adrenal cortex, and stimulates the adrenal cortex and pituitary gland while causing gall bladder contractions (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and secretion of gastric and pancreatic juices.

Phyllokinin - Produces a long-lasting reduction in blood pressure. It is a vasodilator (helps widen the blood vessels), increasing permeability of the blood-brain barrier (Increases the rate and flow of a layer of specialized cells around the brain that protects it) and can cause a rapid drop in blood pressure. It also interacts with the bradykinnin system, which causes relaxation of smooth muscle (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

Phyllomedusin - A neuropeptide which strongly affects intestines, salivary glands and bowels helping to flush deep toxins.

Sauvagine - influences cortico-releasing-hormone system and the pituitary-adrenal axis, which is important for modulating stress, mood and impulsive behavior. Sauvagine also causes intense tachycardia, or increase of heart rate. (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

Phyllolitorin ~  stimulates gastric acid secretion and smooth muscle contraction.

Tryptophyllins - has anti-microbial properties which have been found to inhibit the growth of yeast Candida Albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli.

• Active peptides in the skins of two hundred and thirty American amphibian species

• Active Polypeptides in Amphibian Skin

• Antimicrobial Peptides: An alternative for the development of nanotechnological based therapies for multi-drug-resistant infections

• Antitumor and Angiostatic Activities of the Antimicrobial Peptide Dermaseptin B2

• Antimicrobial peptides from Phyllomedusa frogs: from biomolecular diversity to potential nanotechnologic medical applications

• Amino acid composition and sequence of Dermorphin, a novel opiate-like peptide

• Antinociceptive effect of centrally administered caerulein

• Behavioural data on Dermorphin in mice

• Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Physiology and Pathophysiology

• Dermatoxin and phylloxin from the waxy monkey frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei

• Dermorphin-related peptides from the skin of Phyllomedusa bicolor

• Dermorphin peptide family

• Dermorphins, a new class of potent opioid peptides from amphibian skin

• Deltorphins: A family of naturally occurring peptides with high affinity and selectivity for opioid binding sites

• Deltorphin transport across the blood–brain barrier

• Dermaseptin superfamily: A gene-based combinatorial library of antimicrobial peptide

• Frogs as a Rich Source for New Treatment Principles: A Review of Bio-Active Peptides in Phyllomedusae (Phyllomedusa Bicolor) and Bombinae (Bombina Variegate)

• Frog secretions and hunting magic in the upper Amazon

• Identification of Dermorphin and HYP6-Dermorphin in skin extracts of Phyllomedusa Rhodei

• Investigating the healing power of Kambo

• Isolation of dermatoxin from frog skin, an antibacterial peptide

• Kambo and its Multitude of Biological Effects: Adverse Events or Pharmacological Effects?

• Litorin-like peptides in the skin of five Phyllomedusa species

• Molecular cloning of skin peptide precursor-encoding cDNAs from tibial gland secretion of the Giant Monkey Frog, Phyllomedusa bicolor

• New tryptophyllin peptide from the skin secretion of Waxy Monkey Leaf Frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei

• Novel Myotropic and Antimicrobial Type 2 Tryptophyllin

• Occurrence of Phyllomedusin in the skin of Phyllodmedusa Bicolor

• The Opioid Peptides of the Amphibian Skin

• Peptides from A to Z: A Concise Encyclopedia (Dermatoxin)

• Pharmacological data on phyllokinin

• Pharmacology and selectivity of various natural and synthetic bombesin related peptide agonists

• Phylloxin, a novel peptide antibiotic of the dermaseptin family

• Phylloseptin-PBa--A Novel Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptide

• Phyllomedusa skin: A huge factory and store-house of a variety of active peptides

• Rediscovery of old drugs: The forgotten case of dermorphin for postoperative pain and palliation

• Rohdei-litorin: a new peptide from the skin of Phyllomedusa rohdei

• Sauvagine, a new polypeptide from Phyllomedusa sauvagei skin: Occurrence in various Phyllomedusa species and pharmacological actions on rat blood pressure and diuresis

• Skin peptide tyrosine-tyrosine

• Structure and pharmacological actions of phyllocaerulein

• The Brain-Gut-Skin Triangle: New Peptides

• The Effects of Dermorphin on the Endocrine System in Man

• Transformation and Migration of Healing Rituals from Indigenous Cultures to the West: Amphibian Secretions, the ‘Frog Medicine and Toad Medicine’